Home School vs. Public School Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Home School vs. Public School - Term Paper Example This essay stresses that not all parents have the required skills to prepare study plans and teach as professional teachers would achieve. Most children prefer to be out of their homes at all cost. In line with the admission policies, most colleges do not take up a graduate prepared form home schooling. The children, before or after admission, may seclude or lack socialization. This paper makes a conclusion that not all parents can provide enough information on the education requirements. Full support is called for from the parents. Where parents volunteer in public schools the ensure safety and smooth operation in public school programs. The parents can communicate with their children’s teachers via memos, newsletters and phone calls. In home schooling, decision making is concluded at home. Parents who have involved in homeschooling ought to attend classes or embrace distant learning facilities to widen their education platform as they continue with their work. They may develop relationships with teachers to seek advice toward their children’s academic excellence and access to public facilities such as computer labs and libraries. Parents are not limited to seek information from the community and ask for involvement in business leadership. Home schools or public schools pose a hard decision on the option to embark on and therefore, every guar dian or parent has the obligation of remembering that every child is specific to certain needs. The best option would be to evaluate the personal situation before the decision of what best suites the student.

Current Strategic Objectives And Aims Of Tesco Commerce Essay

Current Strategic Objectives And Aims Of Tesco Commerce Essay To provide all our customer with excellent value and choose- Benefit of e-purchasing is let the customers can shift through a great amount of produces information very quickly, and evaluate between different offers before they make the choice. Particularly on Tesco website, the produces with detail explanation plus picture, and almost all the produces can buy on the internet as in store. That can give as much as information out before customers makes the selection. And, because of less costs on e-selling, the customers can get improved price of the produce. winning at selling non-food products (books, DVDs, CDs) Book and music are perfect for home shopping, because customers can read a little reassess, see the cover, the price then make a option. Tesco also try to e-selling the download music. And about the Tesco services, like insurances and broadband, there is improvement to have a website which can show the state of the services and can register online. This will gain more customers and lead successful selling of books ,DVDs ,cds etc. Non-food producers and services. Consumers standard of living change, meet their need by supply new product and services nowadays, living styles have changed, e-shopping attracting a part of our lives. Many consumers like better to do e-shopping at home rather than really go shopping. To respond this big change, Tesco have own website to doing e-selling. Also Tesco have selling new merchandise and services to join selling. For example Tesco have broadband services and they sell computer and internet goods on line or in store. http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Tescos-Aims Objective /173539?topic 1.2 evaluation of the component parts of a strategic plan of Tesco The main components parts of a strategic plan can be described as Mission Objectives Situation analysis Strategy making Implementation Control http://www.netmba.com/strategy/process/ Mission Mission statement shows the companys main priorities. Tescos mission statement Is to retain loyal customers, this depicts the world that Tesco hope to make sure that the clients they have come back to them and dont go to their competitors. The reason that Tesco has a mission statement is so that their shareholders and clients know where the Business is going. (Spulber, 2007) For Tesco to gain this they must set themselves Objectives. Tesco objectives are to keep their customers happy this is because if they do this then this Will mean that the customers of Tesco will be happy at Tesco so will stay with them and not go to the competitors of Tesco therefore Tesco is retaining loyalty from its customers. For Tesco to achieve its aims it must set itself small objectives. (Simms, 2007) Objective Tesco aim is to retain loyal customers to do this Tesco has to set themselves objectives these are small targets that help Tesco to achieve their big aim. Tescos objectives are to keep clients happy, to gain big profit margins, to motivate employees, expand abroad, and sustain financial issues to be friendly towards the environment http://coursework-writing.co.uk/data/6.en/39/business_coursework_1.pdf Situation analysis Once an organisation determined its objectives it begins its strategic plan to achieve those objectives and so do Tesco which is very clear in its objectives and take an extra care to make these objectives achievable and for this purpose the main thing is the environmental scan of the organization whether it is internal or external and Tesco is very well awarded .there are two aspects of the external environment one is the macro and the second is micro anaylysis.macro analysis is the pest analysis of the company which tell us what is going on externally outside through the organisation which includes politically,economically,technologically and socially while in micro analysis we have frame work of porters five forces which tell us internal position of the organisation such as key staff, company culture, operational capcity,brand capacity ,financial resources, exclusive contracts etc.by doing situational analysis we gather information is not very helpful most of the times to make str ategy plan but we categorise it as into two factors one is the internal which we take as the Tesco strength and weakness and the other is the external which we take as threats and weakness and hence we have able to manage the information to formulate it into strategy and such analysis is often referred as the swot analysis of the organisation. (http://www.netmba.com/strategy/process/ ) Strategy making of Tesco Tesco have continued to make strong progress with all four parts of their strategy a strong UK core business, non-food, retailing services and worldwide by keeping our centre on trying to recover what we do for customers the four main and important parts of Tesco strategy making are mentioned below. make their shopping journey as easy as possible continuously looking for to reduce our prices to help them spend less contributing the expediency of either big or small stores introducing simplicity and value to complex markets http://www.bized.co.uk/educators/16-19/business/strategy/activity/strategic1.htm Implementation process of strategy of Tesco To make any strategy into effectiveness and to be more fruitful implementation is a vital ingredient and without effective implementation process no strategy could be successful and fruitful. So Tesco know this fact and keep it mind whenever its time to implement or introduce new strategy and the four key points to keep in mind during the implementation process are described below advertising of products Procurement manufacture Human resource Information technology The whole process of implementation requires resources and putting all things into important organisational change. Control Tesco Accepting that danger is an intrinsic part of doing business, our risk management systems are planned both to support entrepreneurial spirit and also provide guarantee that risk is fully understood and managed. The Board has overall liability for risk management and internal control within the situation of achieving the Groups objectives. Executive management is accountable for implementing and maintaining the essential control systems. The job of Internal Audit is to check the overall internal control systems and report on their usefulness to Executive management, as well as to the Audit Committee, in order to ease its review of the systems. (http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/ir/corpgorv/riskmanagement/ ) 1.3 The factors affecting the strategic plan of Tesco There are lot of factors which effect the strategic planning and they can be internal or external but their influence is so great which cannot be ignored such as competitors, social or economic ,or some internal factors etc. I would like to discuss few in order to give general idea to demonstrate how the influence the strategies of Tesco. Competitors To use this structure on Tesco shows that the corporation in order to be flourishing has to support its business plan on these capabilities. Capabilities result from Tescos capacity to unite and use these resources in exclusively diverse ways. In the external surroundings, the strength of rivalry is not completely under the retailers control, however, to compete efficiently Tesco have to recognize its hub competences and use them for organisation benefit. Social and economic elements Prevailing patterns show that British clients have stirred towards one-stop and mass shopping, which is due to a diversity of communal changes. Tesco have, therefore, amplified the amount of non-food items obtainable for sale. The type of merchandise and services demand by clients is a role of their social training and their resulting attitudes and philosophy. clients are becoming more and more awake of health issues, and their attitudes towards food are continuously changing. One example of Tesco adapting its creation mix is to hold an improved require for organic products. The corporation was also the first to allow clients to pay in cheques and cash at the checkout. Technological Technology is a main macro-environmental changeable which has impacted the growth of many of the Tesco goods. The new technologies profit both clients and the corporation: client contentment rise because commodities are readily available, services can become more personalised and shopping more suitable. The start of the competent Consumer Response (ECR) idea provided the shift that is now evident in the management of food supply chains (Datamonitor Report, 2003. (Desjardins D. (2005) Tesco strategies turn up competitive heat in UK, DSN Retailing Today, 2/28/2005, Vol. 44 Issue 4, pp.4-6;) These above are few elements which can influence the policy making plan and we could discuss more under pestle analysis of Tesco and through other strategies to ellaborate further. 2.1 Tesco strategic analysis tools to audit progress towards strategic aims and objectives To identify the various tools to audit towards the strategic aims and objectives of Tesco i would like to do swot analysis of Tesco to make it understand it more in depth. in the Great Britan this year. Tesco has progressed its non-food department to the level that its Revenues now total 23% of total group profit. Tescos global business section is increasing more and more, and is speculated to contribute almost quarter of group income over the next five years. If geological enlargement continues to grow, this will make sure Tescos continues local strength.Insurance In fiscal 2003 Tesco Personal Finance mounted the milestone of one million vehicle insurance policies, making it the most rising motor insurance supplier ever. The groups instant travel insurance allows Club card holders to buy their holiday insurance expediently at the checkout. Pet insurance now has over 330,000 cats and dogs covered, while the life insurance policy followed on from the achievement of last year, when it was selected The Most spirited Life Insurance Provider in the Money Facts Awards 2003. Swot analysis The main elements of swot analysis of Tesco are given below which can be further discussed in details but i would like to just highlight them for understanding. Strengths Weaknesses growing market share Insurance Tesco online Brand value UK market leadership reinforced Reliance upon the UK market Debt reduction Signs point to serial acquisitions Opportunities Threats Non-food retail Health and beauty Further international growth UK structural change could spark a price war Overseas returns could fall Wal-Mart/Asda challenge International expansion Tescos global business section is rising progressively, and is predicted to add nearly a quarter of group income over the next five years. If ecological spread continues to grow, this will ensure Tescos continued local strength. Assurance. http://people.exeter.ac.uk/wl203/BEAM011/Materials/Lecture%204/TESCO%20Company%20Profile 2.2 The expectations of major stakeholders and their influence upon the organisational strategy of Tesco We are dedicated to having a constructive conversation with stakeholders to make sure we understand what is significant to them and let ourselves the opportunity to show our position. Appointment helps us recognize new hazards and opportunities to make sure that our long-term policy is sustainable. In some cases we find that working with stakeholders in joint venture can help bring shared objectives. We might not be able to convince all stakeholder apprehensions all the time but through assurance we can do our best to poise hostile demands. We know that customers require to be able to belief our trade and they will only hope us if they consider that we are connecting on a appropriate foundation with our stakeholders. Our programme of contribution with stakeholders including customers, staff, supplier, investors, administration, regulator, non-governmental organisations and others. An investor Relations report is formed for the Board frequently. This report summarises reaction from shareholders mostly in terms of our management and policy, and ensures the Board has a impartial perspective on the views of our major shareholders. It is normal that institutional shareholders may be in more standard contact with the Group than previous shareholders, but care is exercised to guarantee that any price-sensitive information is free to all shareholders, institutional and private, at the same time in accord with suitable official and authoritarian requirements. All main presentations to institutional shareholders are made available to private shareholders through this website. (http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/ir/corpgorv/relations/ ) 2.3 structured evaluation of Tesco strategic position To understand the structured evaluation of Tesco strategic position we have to do pestle analysis of Tesco. Pestle analysis of Tesco PESTLE mean for Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal and ecological elements.   example of each are: Political tax policies, employment boundaries, tariffs Economic financial growth, interest rates, price increases Sociological society, physical condition awareness, age distribution Technological environmental aspects, investigate and development, rate of technical change Legal physical condition and safety laws, customer laws and rules  Ã‚   Environmental recycling policies, contamination Whilst one of TESCOs competitive advantages at current relates to their irresistible physical attendance, there are concern about TESCO pouring out the huge effort from other seller.   There are policies as well as laws and system leading monopolies and rivalry which would be recognized though a PESTLE study.   This is potentially one of the major issues that TESCOs are faced with.   defending customers and guarantee that entrepreneurs have the vision to resist in the market financial system are important within customer law.   Due to the present state of the financial system, many little businesses are weakening and many incompetent to enter the market.   A PESTLE investigation helps to measure where place prudent there is a need for growth.   The circumstances is in no way being assisted by the ever growing TESCOs chains of store.   Under EU law, there is hypothesis that an establishment with a large market share is chief.   The concerns with this are that dominance of supplies and services will slip and there is a risk of paying higher prices.   TESCO to date has not been assessed as posturing a risk of growth but should bear this in mind.   This is the reason why regular or incessant scans making use of the PESTLE examination will lead to continual assessments which can guarantee that TESCOs supremacy is not in any way scheming. In totalling, planning consent is an issue that TESCO critically need to be aware of due to their continued growth.   Planning acquiescence is heavily synchronized in the UK.   A systematic PESTLE analysis would help to recognize the appropriate laws on planning agreement and whether any confrontation to planning was on lawful basis or purely local peoples disagree.   The PESTLE study would therefore originally measure the potential achievement of a store in a new area. With the financial system being as it is at current, TESCO are providential that they have not been as badly pretentious as some retailer by the slump.   TESCO have labelled themselves as selling to everyone and therefore offer a range of goods and services from Value to premium prices thus tempting to all segments of the marketplace. The Sociological feature of the PESTLE analysis involves consideration such as the boost in migration of Eastern Europeans or raise in young professionals.   obviously there is therefore a demand for new goods for example; the career minded expert who is a single person.   This has seen a mount in the meals for one or fast microwaveable meals to make cooking rapid and easy for those always on the go. Technological factors which have possibly had the most contact on TESCO has been the expansion in the use of the internet.   They have capitalised on the use of online shopping and afford a delivery service through their website at www.tesco.com. A PESTLE analysis is therefore very important to the expansion and the achievement of TESCOs in adding to the day to day running of each store in line with strategic decisions.   Without knowing what external factors weight the organisation, it is hard to administer the business in an efficient way. http://www.modelanswer.co.uk/business/help/pestle/tescos.php 3.1 alternative strategic options to meet strategic aims and objectives of Tesco The strategic aims and objectives of Tesco we should consider: Provision of service how do they aim to provide client fulfilment? Is it to do with quality guarantee? Provision at or above cost? The provision of goods/services? Breaking-even. turnover maximisation how does each retail business try to accomplish this? Do they aim to cut costs, use reserved profits, maximise prices etc? expansion do they aim to increase their marketplace share? Enter new markets? expand? Increase the size of the business by expansion or through joining or takeover? Business ethics there are a number of examples where businesses have been accused of miss using their workers at home and/or abroad. For example, Primark, Tesco and Asda received some bad publicity with regard to those working in the fabric industry in suppliers nations in 2006; Dell Computers faced similar blames in Brazil. Think about the morals in relation to suppliers do they use Fair Trade suppliers, for example? You might consider health and safety and the security of employees and clients. industry ethics might also relate to the dependability of products and services, the protection of premises and any legal duties. http://www.bized.co.uk/educators/16-19/business/strategy/activity/principles1.htm 3.2 The strategic option that meets the revised strategic position of Tesco The Tesco plan up to this time was encapsulated by the title of Cohens autobiography, Pile it high and sell it cheap, but the rising wealth of clients and the changing requirements meant that Tesco changed its approach and moved into opening out of town stores with more striking interiors. Such renovation was also carried out in the active stores and with the start of selling petrol at some of its stores it broke the  £1 billion revenue level in 1979. The 1980s saw a continuation in the enlargement of new stores and also the development of new initiatives. In 1985, Tesco announced its Healthy Eating options with nutritional information and advice on some of its own labelled foods. By the 1990s, the move to go past the other major supermarkets was well under way. The stress was on finding new ways of pleasing shopper needs and building customer loyalty. A variety of new services and amenities were introduced, including Tesco Metro, a store idea aimed at the high street buyer but offering the benefits of a large supermarket. In some respects, this was Tesco returning to the high street after selling off many stores in the 1960s and 70s in the move to join the out-of-town shopping trend. Conclusion In this assignment i have tried to discuss tesco direction as an organisation in strategy making and what tools and strategies it uses to make its plans and how are the plans being implemented and who are the responsible people behind those plans to make them successful and fruitful for the organisation and it also give me understanding how to set the organisation direction and what are the key factors to keep in mind to make successful strategies for the organisation.

Free Essays on Homers Odyssey: Book 5 :: Homer Odyssey Essays

Odyssey   Book 5 The beginning of the Odyssey portrays the chaos in Ithaca and the uncertainty and turmoil of Odysseus family as they have longingly awaited his return. Book 5 finally introduces Odysseus and his captor Calypso. The beginning of the novel illustrates how Odysseus is torn between the charm and will of Calypso and the love and loyalty to the family he has left behind. Calypso is described as beautiful; her island as a virtual Eden and her home a magnificent palace that awes even the gods themselves. Before Hermes delivers the order to release Odysseus he gazes in wonder of Calypso’s abode. Calypso offers Odysseus immortality, to live the life of a god for all eternity in paradise with her. Along with the offer Calypso questions Odysseus on how his family could ever compare to her and immortality. Odysseus refuses Calypso because he is loyal to his wife and son and feels that there is nothing greater than to see them again. Odysseus gives up Utopia and divinity for the loyalty to his home and family, Even though he has no idea whether anyone he knows is still alive or whether or not his wife and son have waited for him. Both Penelope and Odysseus demonstrate such trust in each other that they wait ten years for each other not knowing what has happened to the other. The beginning of the book continues to reinforce the idea that Calypso island is a Utopia through vivid illustrations of a place of beauty and perfection to thoroughly demonstrate that Odysseus will overcome any obstacle or give anything to reach home.    Book 5 ends foreshadowing what trouble may lie ahead for Odysseus as Poseidon intends to thwart every attempt that Odysseus makes at trying to get home.    The role of judgment and reason in books 5-8 of the Odyssey In Books 5-8 of the Odyssey there is a central theme involving importance of the reason and how it pertains to judgment and moral behavior and the essence of someone’s character. The theme is shown in every action of the characters, especially Odysseus.   The first books of the Odyssey begin by introducing the suitors as unruly and animalistic because of their lack of sound judgment. The suitors’ actions demonstrate the result of the absence of reason and rather the attention only to pleasure. The suitors actions lead to the despair of Odysseus family and Ithaca as well as the slow destruction of Odysseus home.

How Did the Constitution Guard Against Tyranny? Essay

How come no one could take over the government. The Constitution (document-based question – DBQ)  was written in 1787 in Philadelphia. A Constitution tells how the government is going to work. How did the writers of the Constitution keep person or a group of people from getting too much power? A tyranny is a power held by I person or group of people. The Constitution guarded against tyranny in several ways which were federalism, separation of power, check and balances, and small and large states. How Does Federalism Guard Against Tyranny The ï ¬ rst guard against tyranny was Federalism which means the central and state government examples. Both government has the power to tax and laws or enforce laws. The central government can provide an army, but the state government can establish school. Federalism protects against tyranny because the state and national governments have powers so no one become too powerful. It helps them work together. A second guard against tyranny was separation of power which means divided the government in to three branches. In order to not have a tyranny, you must separate the department of power. Each branch is need to make a decision Judicial Power is vetted in the supreme court goose to the president. Separation of Power protects tyranny because they could over power the president. The third guard against tyranny was check and balances which means that each branch is able to check up on the other branches. They want to keep the central government branches working together because they need each other. The 3 branches working cycle they all can do things they must all agree. Check and balances protects against tyranny because by having each branch check up on each other no one branch can over power the other. The fourth guard against tyranny was the issue of small and large state which means making everything fair for all states. The large state favor the H, of rep because they have a large population and small state has a favor the senate. The House of Representatives is based on population and each has 2 senators. The issue of small and large state protects against tyranny because the congress is far for both large and small states because they need each other to make a decision. In conclusion, federalism, separation of powers, check and balances, and issue of small and large states helped to guard against tyranny in the U.S. government. For example, the government is divided into 3 branches which are fair and equal. It is important to understand, to know that our constitution protect us from somebody taking over states. I think that is important today because in my future IÊ ¼ll be able to achieve my goals. Works Cited Brady, Charles, and Philip Roden. Mini-Qs in American History. Evanston, IL, The DBQ Project, 2009. â€Å"Selected Works on Tyranny.† Constitution Society Home Page, www.constitution.org/tyranny.htm. Seppa, Nathan. â€Å"Meeting Notes: Multivitamins Don’t Guard against Heart Attack.† Science News, vol. 182, no. 12, 2012, pp. 9–9.

Lexical Stylistic Devices

LEXICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES Metaphor Genuine metaphors Trite(dead) metaphors Metonymy Metonymy Metonymy is the substitution of one word for another with which it is associated: ‘The White House said†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (the American government) ; the press (newspapers and magazines); the cradle(infancy, place of origin);the grave(death); The hall applauded; The marble spoke; The kettle is boiling; I am fond of Agatha Christie; We didn’t speak because there were ears all around us; He was about a sentence away from needing plastic surgery . Synecdoche SimileShe passed through the grove like a shadow, and like a shadow she sailed across the garden. Cliche I want to die young at a ripe old age. Irony Irony Well done! A fine friend you are! ‘What a noble illustration of the tender laws of this favoured country! – they let the poor go to sleep! ’                Irony must not be confused with humour, although they have very much in common. Humour always causes laughter. But the function of irony is not to produce a humorous effect. Irony is generally used to convey a negative feeling: irritation, displeasure, pity or regret. EpithetEpithet coveys the subjective attitude of the writer as it is used to characterize an object and pointing out to the reader some properties or features of the object. Epithet aims at evaluation of these properties or features. Heart-burning smile; wild winds; fantastic terrors; voiceless sands;                unearthly beauty; deep feelings; sleepless bay. Fixed epithets (stock images) are mostly used in ballads and folk-songs: ‘true love’, ‘dark forest’, ‘sweet Sir’, green wood’; ‘good ship’, ‘brave cavaliers’. From the point of view of their compositional structure epithets may be divided into simple, compound, phrase and sentence epithets.Simple: dreary midnight; brilliant answer; sweet smile. Compound: heart-braking si gh; good-for-nothing fellow; Phrase epithets and sentence epithets: 1. ‘Personally I detest her (Giaconda’s) smug, mystery-making, come-hither-but-go-away-again-because-butter-wouldn’t-melt-in-my-mouth expression’. 2. There is a sort of ‘Oh–what–a-wicked-world-this-is-and-how-I-wish-I-could-do-something-to-make-it-better-and-nobler’ expression about Montmorency that has been known to bring to tea s into the eyes of pious old ladies and gentlemen.The reversed epithets, or metaphorical, are of two types: 1) two nouns are linked in an of-phrase: a devil of a job; ‘A little Flying Dutchman of a cab’2) The predicative is in the inverted position: ‘Fools that they are’; ‘Wicked as he is’                Transferred epithets describe the state of a human being but referred to an animate object: sleepless pillow; unbreakfasted morning; merry hours; an indifferent shoulder; sick chambers. Ox ymoron Oxymoron is a combination of two words in which their meaning clash, being opposite in sense:                Sweet sorrow; pleasantly ugly face; deafening silence; horribly beautiful.The following example describes the author’s attitude to New York: ‘I despise its vastness and power. It has the poorest millionaires, the littlest great men, the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers of any town I ever saw. (Satiric mocking) Allusion Allusion is reference to a famous historical, literary, mythological, biblical or everyday life character or event, commonly known. As a rule no indication of the source is given. It’s his Achilles heel. Antonomasia Antonomasia is intended to point out the leading, most characteristic features of a person or of event.It categorizes the person and simultaneously indicates both the general and the particular. Antonomasia can be defined as a variety of allusion:                Vralman, Molchalin, Mr. Zero, Do n Juan. Metalepsis Metalepsis is a reference to something remotely associated with the theme of the speech. ‘I’ve got to go catch the worm tomorrow morning. ’ said Mary. (The early bird catches the worm- a proverb) Zeugma Zeugma (syllepsis) is the use of a word in the same grammatical but different semantic relations. It creates a semantic incongruity which is often humorous: 1.He lost his hat and his temper. 2. ‘†¦and covered themselves with dust and glory. -Mark Twain 3. Oae ai? au e aaa nooaaioa. Iaei a aaeioao, a? oaie – a oieaa? neoao. 4. The alphabet was above the blackboard and friendly atmosphere was there. 5. ‘And May’s mother always stood on her gentility; and Dora’s mother never stood on anything but her active feet’. Pun Pun (also known as paronomasia) is a deliberate confusion of similar – sounding words for humorous effect. Puns are often used in jokes and riddles. E. g. 1. What is the difference b etween a schoolmaster and an engine-driver? One trains the mind and the other minds the train. ) 2. The name Justin Time sounds like ‘just in time’ 3. I have no idea how worms reproduce but you often find them in pairs (pears). 4. Officer. -What steps (measures) would you take if an enemy tank were coming towards you? Soldier. – Long ones. Interjections and Exclamatory Words Interjections and Exclamatory Words are used to express our strong feelings; they are conventional symbols of human emotions. The interjection is not a sentence; it is a word with strong emotive meaning. Interjections radiate the emotional element over the whole utterance.Here are some of the meanings that can be expressed by interjections: joy, delight, admiration, approval, disbelief, astonishment, fright, regret, dissatisfaction, boredom, sadness, blame, reproach, protest, horror, irony, sarcasm, self-assurance, despair, disgust, surprise, sorrow, and many others. Oh! Ah! Pooh! Gosh! Alas! Heavens! Dear me! God! Come on! Look here! By the Lord! Bless me! Humbug! Terrible! Awful! Great! Wonderful! Fine! Man! Boy! Why! Well! Periphrasis Periphrasis denotes the use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter and planer form of expression.It is also called circumlocution due to the round-about or indirect way to name a familiar object. There are traditional periphrases which are not stylistic devices, they are synonymic expressions: The giver of rings, the victor lord, the leader of hosts (king), the play of swords(battle), a shield-bearer(warrior), the cap and gown (student), the fair sex (women), my better half (my wife). The traditional periphrasis is an important feature of epic poetry. Periphrasis as stylistic device is a new, genuine nomination of an object. Stylistic periphrasis can be divided into logical and figurative. Logical: instruments of destruction (pistols), he most pardonable of human weaknesses (love). Figurative periphrasis is based either on metaphor or on metonymy. To tie the knot (to marry), the punctual servant of all work (the sun). There is little difference between metaphor or metonymy and periphrasis. Euphemisms Euphemism is a word or a phrase used to replace an unpleasant word or expression: to die=to pass away, to be no more, to depart, to join the majority, to be gone; to kick the bucket, to give up the ghost, to go west. So, euphemisms are synonyms which aim to produce a mild effect. Euphemisms may be divided into several groups:                1) religious, 2) oral, 3) medical, 4) parliamentary. a woman of a certain type(whore), to glow(to sweat),mental hospital(madhouse), the big C(cancer), sanitation worker(garbage man). Meiosis/Understatement Meiosis/Understatement is a figure of speech which intentionally understates something or implies that it is less in significance, size, than it really is. For example, a lawyer defending a schoolboy who set fire to school, might call the fact of arson a â €˜prank’ (i? iaaeea). Hyperbole Hyperbole is a deliberate overstatement or exaggeration of a phenomenon or an object. He was so tall that I could not see his face. Proverbs and SayingsProverbs and sayings are brief statements showing in condensed form life experience of the community and serving as conventional symbols for abstract ideas. They are usually didactic and image rearing. Proverbs and sayings have some typical features: rhythm, sometimes rhyme and or alliteration. 1. ‘Early to bed and early to rise, 2. Out of sight, out of mind. Iineiaeou iaeaaa? o aoeaaeuiui e/eee ia? aiiniui niuneii. Aeaia ioeoa ii iieaoo. Iiaiai? ee eia? o oieuei aoeaaeuiue ieai. Ai? y aiyouny- n? anouy ia aeaaou. Epigrams Epigrams are terse, witty statements, showing the turn of mind of the originator.Epigram is a stylistic device akin to a proverb, the only difference being that epigrams are coined by people whose names we know, while proverbs are the coinage of the people. ‘A G od that can be understood is not a God. ’ Quotations Quotation is a repetition of a phrase or statement from a book, speech and the like used by the way of illustration, proof or as a basis for further speculation on the matter. By repeating the utterance in a new environment, we attach to the utterance an importance. Allegory Allegory is a device by which the names of objects or characters are used figuratively, representing some more general things, good or bad ualities. A type of allegory is Personification. Personification Personification is a form of comparison in which human characteristics, such as emotions, personality, behaviuor and so on, are attributed to an animal, object or idea. The proud lion surveyed his kingdom. The primary function of personification is to make abstract ideas clearer to the reader by comparing them to everyday human experience. How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth,                Stolen on his wing my three and twentieth y ear! Personification is often represented by the masculine or feminine pronouns for the names of animals, objects or forces of nature.He is used for the Sun, the Wind , for the names of animals (The Cat that walked all by himself), for abstract notions associated with strength and fierceness-Death, Fear, War, Love. She is used for what is regarded as rather gentle (the Moon, Nature, Beauty, Hope, Mercy. In neutral style there also some associations of certain nouns and gender. The names of countries, if the country is not considered as a mere geographical territory, are referred to as feminine (England is proud of her poets). The names of vessels and vehicles are also referred as feminine.Anthropomorphism Anthropomorphism is the form of personification consisting of creating imagery persons of inanimate objects. Common examples include naming one’s car or begging a machine to work. The use of anthropomorphized animals has a long tradition in literature and art. They are used to portray stereotypical characters, in order to quickly convey the characteristics the author intends them to possess. Examples include Aesop’s fables, famous television characters, Tom and Jerry, Mickey Mouse and a lot of other funny animals. Lexical Stylistic Devices LEXICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES Metaphor Genuine metaphors Trite(dead) metaphors Metonymy Metonymy Metonymy is the substitution of one word for another with which it is associated: ‘The White House said†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (the American government) ; the press (newspapers and magazines); the cradle(infancy, place of origin);the grave(death); The hall applauded; The marble spoke; The kettle is boiling; I am fond of Agatha Christie; We didn’t speak because there were ears all around us; He was about a sentence away from needing plastic surgery . Synecdoche SimileShe passed through the grove like a shadow, and like a shadow she sailed across the garden. Cliche I want to die young at a ripe old age. Irony Irony Well done! A fine friend you are! ‘What a noble illustration of the tender laws of this favoured country! – they let the poor go to sleep! ’                Irony must not be confused with humour, although they have very much in common. Humour always causes laughter. But the function of irony is not to produce a humorous effect. Irony is generally used to convey a negative feeling: irritation, displeasure, pity or regret. EpithetEpithet coveys the subjective attitude of the writer as it is used to characterize an object and pointing out to the reader some properties or features of the object. Epithet aims at evaluation of these properties or features. Heart-burning smile; wild winds; fantastic terrors; voiceless sands;                unearthly beauty; deep feelings; sleepless bay. Fixed epithets (stock images) are mostly used in ballads and folk-songs: ‘true love’, ‘dark forest’, ‘sweet Sir’, green wood’; ‘good ship’, ‘brave cavaliers’. From the point of view of their compositional structure epithets may be divided into simple, compound, phrase and sentence epithets.Simple: dreary midnight; brilliant answer; sweet smile. Compound: heart-braking si gh; good-for-nothing fellow; Phrase epithets and sentence epithets: 1. ‘Personally I detest her (Giaconda’s) smug, mystery-making, come-hither-but-go-away-again-because-butter-wouldn’t-melt-in-my-mouth expression’. 2. There is a sort of ‘Oh–what–a-wicked-world-this-is-and-how-I-wish-I-could-do-something-to-make-it-better-and-nobler’ expression about Montmorency that has been known to bring to tea s into the eyes of pious old ladies and gentlemen.The reversed epithets, or metaphorical, are of two types: 1) two nouns are linked in an of-phrase: a devil of a job; ‘A little Flying Dutchman of a cab’2) The predicative is in the inverted position: ‘Fools that they are’; ‘Wicked as he is’                Transferred epithets describe the state of a human being but referred to an animate object: sleepless pillow; unbreakfasted morning; merry hours; an indifferent shoulder; sick chambers. Ox ymoron Oxymoron is a combination of two words in which their meaning clash, being opposite in sense:                Sweet sorrow; pleasantly ugly face; deafening silence; horribly beautiful.The following example describes the author’s attitude to New York: ‘I despise its vastness and power. It has the poorest millionaires, the littlest great men, the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers of any town I ever saw. (Satiric mocking) Allusion Allusion is reference to a famous historical, literary, mythological, biblical or everyday life character or event, commonly known. As a rule no indication of the source is given. It’s his Achilles heel. Antonomasia Antonomasia is intended to point out the leading, most characteristic features of a person or of event.It categorizes the person and simultaneously indicates both the general and the particular. Antonomasia can be defined as a variety of allusion:                Vralman, Molchalin, Mr. Zero, Do n Juan. Metalepsis Metalepsis is a reference to something remotely associated with the theme of the speech. ‘I’ve got to go catch the worm tomorrow morning. ’ said Mary. (The early bird catches the worm- a proverb) Zeugma Zeugma (syllepsis) is the use of a word in the same grammatical but different semantic relations. It creates a semantic incongruity which is often humorous: 1.He lost his hat and his temper. 2. ‘†¦and covered themselves with dust and glory. -Mark Twain 3. Oae ai? au e aaa nooaaioa. Iaei a aaeioao, a? oaie – a oieaa? neoao. 4. The alphabet was above the blackboard and friendly atmosphere was there. 5. ‘And May’s mother always stood on her gentility; and Dora’s mother never stood on anything but her active feet’. Pun Pun (also known as paronomasia) is a deliberate confusion of similar – sounding words for humorous effect. Puns are often used in jokes and riddles. E. g. 1. What is the difference b etween a schoolmaster and an engine-driver? One trains the mind and the other minds the train. ) 2. The name Justin Time sounds like ‘just in time’ 3. I have no idea how worms reproduce but you often find them in pairs (pears). 4. Officer. -What steps (measures) would you take if an enemy tank were coming towards you? Soldier. – Long ones. Interjections and Exclamatory Words Interjections and Exclamatory Words are used to express our strong feelings; they are conventional symbols of human emotions. The interjection is not a sentence; it is a word with strong emotive meaning. Interjections radiate the emotional element over the whole utterance.Here are some of the meanings that can be expressed by interjections: joy, delight, admiration, approval, disbelief, astonishment, fright, regret, dissatisfaction, boredom, sadness, blame, reproach, protest, horror, irony, sarcasm, self-assurance, despair, disgust, surprise, sorrow, and many others. Oh! Ah! Pooh! Gosh! Alas! Heavens! Dear me! God! Come on! Look here! By the Lord! Bless me! Humbug! Terrible! Awful! Great! Wonderful! Fine! Man! Boy! Why! Well! Periphrasis Periphrasis denotes the use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter and planer form of expression.It is also called circumlocution due to the round-about or indirect way to name a familiar object. There are traditional periphrases which are not stylistic devices, they are synonymic expressions: The giver of rings, the victor lord, the leader of hosts (king), the play of swords(battle), a shield-bearer(warrior), the cap and gown (student), the fair sex (women), my better half (my wife). The traditional periphrasis is an important feature of epic poetry. Periphrasis as stylistic device is a new, genuine nomination of an object. Stylistic periphrasis can be divided into logical and figurative. Logical: instruments of destruction (pistols), he most pardonable of human weaknesses (love). Figurative periphrasis is based either on metaphor or on metonymy. To tie the knot (to marry), the punctual servant of all work (the sun). There is little difference between metaphor or metonymy and periphrasis. Euphemisms Euphemism is a word or a phrase used to replace an unpleasant word or expression: to die=to pass away, to be no more, to depart, to join the majority, to be gone; to kick the bucket, to give up the ghost, to go west. So, euphemisms are synonyms which aim to produce a mild effect. Euphemisms may be divided into several groups:                1) religious, 2) oral, 3) medical, 4) parliamentary. a woman of a certain type(whore), to glow(to sweat),mental hospital(madhouse), the big C(cancer), sanitation worker(garbage man). Meiosis/Understatement Meiosis/Understatement is a figure of speech which intentionally understates something or implies that it is less in significance, size, than it really is. For example, a lawyer defending a schoolboy who set fire to school, might call the fact of arson a â €˜prank’ (i? iaaeea). Hyperbole Hyperbole is a deliberate overstatement or exaggeration of a phenomenon or an object. He was so tall that I could not see his face. Proverbs and SayingsProverbs and sayings are brief statements showing in condensed form life experience of the community and serving as conventional symbols for abstract ideas. They are usually didactic and image rearing. Proverbs and sayings have some typical features: rhythm, sometimes rhyme and or alliteration. 1. ‘Early to bed and early to rise, 2. Out of sight, out of mind. Iineiaeou iaeaaa? o aoeaaeuiui e/eee ia? aiiniui niuneii. Aeaia ioeoa ii iieaoo. Iiaiai? ee eia? o oieuei aoeaaeuiue ieai. Ai? y aiyouny- n? anouy ia aeaaou. Epigrams Epigrams are terse, witty statements, showing the turn of mind of the originator.Epigram is a stylistic device akin to a proverb, the only difference being that epigrams are coined by people whose names we know, while proverbs are the coinage of the people. ‘A G od that can be understood is not a God. ’ Quotations Quotation is a repetition of a phrase or statement from a book, speech and the like used by the way of illustration, proof or as a basis for further speculation on the matter. By repeating the utterance in a new environment, we attach to the utterance an importance. Allegory Allegory is a device by which the names of objects or characters are used figuratively, representing some more general things, good or bad ualities. A type of allegory is Personification. Personification Personification is a form of comparison in which human characteristics, such as emotions, personality, behaviuor and so on, are attributed to an animal, object or idea. The proud lion surveyed his kingdom. The primary function of personification is to make abstract ideas clearer to the reader by comparing them to everyday human experience. How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth,                Stolen on his wing my three and twentieth y ear! Personification is often represented by the masculine or feminine pronouns for the names of animals, objects or forces of nature.He is used for the Sun, the Wind , for the names of animals (The Cat that walked all by himself), for abstract notions associated with strength and fierceness-Death, Fear, War, Love. She is used for what is regarded as rather gentle (the Moon, Nature, Beauty, Hope, Mercy. In neutral style there also some associations of certain nouns and gender. The names of countries, if the country is not considered as a mere geographical territory, are referred to as feminine (England is proud of her poets). The names of vessels and vehicles are also referred as feminine.Anthropomorphism Anthropomorphism is the form of personification consisting of creating imagery persons of inanimate objects. Common examples include naming one’s car or begging a machine to work. The use of anthropomorphized animals has a long tradition in literature and art. They are used to portray stereotypical characters, in order to quickly convey the characteristics the author intends them to possess. Examples include Aesop’s fables, famous television characters, Tom and Jerry, Mickey Mouse and a lot of other funny animals.

Study of Customer Needs and Desires in the Airline Industry The WritePass Journal

Study of Customer Needs and Desires in the Airline Industry Introduction Study of Customer Needs and Desires in the Airline Industry IntroductionProductPricePlacePromotion PeopleProcessPhysical evidenceBibliographyRelated Introduction As quoted by Kotler et al 2007:324 â€Å"Almost 28% of all production ideas come from watching and listening to customers†. In the airline industry, customer’s needs and wants are two of the three prime elements to be considered for its development. Other element being desires or demands, which is equally important but not everyone can afford it as it is backed by buying power which is not similar for all. The two prime elements endeavours to enhance the marketing decisions by selecting various methods such as addressing questions as to what are the currents needs and wants of customers, setting the decision making agenda, etc. Enhancing the flow of goods, services and ideas from its creators to the consumers wants and needs, is an activity known as Marketing. Everyone have their own needs, wants and desires, and in order to fulfil these everlasting desires, goods and services are required. Marketing concepts can only be applied if the basic needs, wants and desires of the customers are known. In order to satisfy the customers, promote and sell the products, services and ideas in an effective and more efficient way, marketing strategies like advertisements, campaigning, etc. are being incorporated. Organisations, through effective use of marketing research, should be able to ascertain the needs and wants of the customers and endeavour to deliver benefits that will amplify customer’s lifestyle ensuring a healthy turnover for business. When undertaking to meet the requirements of its customers, an organisation has to consider the four key factors also known as the 4P’s of the marketing mix. The 4P’s consist of product, price, place and promotion. Further to this, in order to serve the customers more effectively and efficiently, additional 3Ps were introduced; people, process and physical evidence respectively. Briefly explaining these, Product According to Holloway 2004, is anything that is offered to the market to satisfy a want or need. Kotler suggests that a product should be viewed at three levels; core product, actual product and augmented product respectively. Price Must be conflicting and must bring about profits. The pricing strategy can consist of discounts, offers and the like. Place Is an area where the products are made available through different channels for the customers to buy. Promotion Includes the methods of communicating to the customers of what the company has to offer and to make them aware of product’s benefits rather than just talking about it. People Expand to customers, management and everyone who is involved in it. It should be realized that the reputation of the brand remains in people’s hand. Process Is a procedure of providing service and thoroughly knowing whether it is helpful to the customer, if they are made available in time and many such things. Physical evidence Refers to such things which aid the customer in what he is buying. For instance, brochures, pamphlets, etc. If properly conducted and implicated, marketing research could have a positive impact in an industry. Therefore, qualitative and quantitative methods, which are frequently used in airline industry, will be appraised in this essay. Over to that, their strengths and weaknesses will be explored while comparing and contrasting these methods, as they apply in airline industry. There is a need to apply qualitative and quantitative research methods, taking into consideration above Kotler’s 2007:324 quotes, to ascertain customer’s needs and wants. According to Alan Bryman and Emma Bell, â€Å"By contrast, qualitative research can be constructed as a research strategy that usually emphasized words rather than quantification in the collection and analysis of data† Helle neergaard, John P. Ulhà ¸i 2007:5 suggest that definition of qualitative research provided by Denzin and Lincoln (1994) is considered by many which say that â€Å"it is a multi method in focus, interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of or interpreting phenomena in terms of meanings people bring to them.† Denzin and Lincoln 1994 suggests the basic characteristics of qualitative research are case study, personal experience, introspective, life story interview, observational, historical, interactional, and visual texts. Application of wide range statistical methods to quantify or measure data in terms of value or volume is known as quantitative research. â€Å"Quantitative research uses numerical data, and it characteristically has structured and predetermined research questions, conceptual; frameworks and designs.† (Punch, 2005, 28). According to Lamnek 2005 quantitative research characterises a rather inflexible procedure that is best suited to explanatory, statistical and theory testing purposes. Paul N. Hague (2002) points out that quantitative research is related to the measuring aspects of number of consumers constituting the market. This includes soft phenomena as well as hard phenomena such as consumer’s attitudes and market size, purchase frequencies, brand shares, etc. The elementary characteristics of quantitative research are heart of the research, defined objectives that include hypothesis and focused research design identifies who, how, what, why and when, large enough sa mple to allow for generalisation. In an airline industry, a large scale survey design i.e. quantitative research method would only allow a narrow and restricted view on innovation because such approaches lack depth due to focus shifting on large sample offers only. Besides, within the service sector there is relatively poor data collection and low availability of statistical data on innovation activity (Howells, 2009, 9; Richter Theile, 2007). It is unlikely that senior executives will choose to answer a fairly anonymous survey, as typical percentage for response in surveys on innovation in airline industry are in the low single digits (Maximilian, 2002, 47). As the airline industry is a global industry with a large number of small carriers, it would yield no statistically substantiated results and depth would be missing. Example of such an approach would be a likert scale; all the answers to the questions are numbered as: 1) strongly agree, 2) agree, 3) neither agree nor disagree, 4) disagree, 5) strongly disagree. The strength of such a survey is that consecutively a large number of people can be surveyed all at a time and the questions are close-end. All together they do have a weakness as well which is that interaction, feelings and thoughts will not be expressed freely as needed. Qualitative research, on the other hand, besides using non-numerical and unstructured data, alsy typically has research procedures and questions which are basic at the beginning and become more focused and perspective as the study progresses (Punch, 2005, 28). Qualitative methods permit the analyzer to analyse selected issues in detail and depth (Patton, 1990, 13-14) as they generate detailed information. By contrast, qualitative data are rich while also having a strong handle on â€Å"real life† (Miles Huberman, 1994). As the airline industry is unstructured from a practical point of view and is largely unexplored, therefore that method is applicable which would take advantage of rich empirical data. Consequently, this essay pursues a qualitative approach. The strengths of such an approach are that they encourage greater intensity of ideas and participation of participants in an interactive way where deep feelings and thoughts are considered. Therefore, findings can be turne d into creativity portraying the reality of research population (Masterson Pickton, 2004). The weaknesses of such an approach are that they can be time consuming, difficult to get participants or volunteers to be open with their views depending on the questions asked and, participants are viewed as a small group representing a whole population )Baker, 2007).   The purpose of this essay, to compare and contrast the two different approaches (research methods) of which one was quantitative and the other qualitative using surveys and other methods to meet the needs and wants of customers, is now explored. It can be understood from the above that both the procedures (qualitative and quantitative), praise and strengthen each other and aid to build strong and healthy procedures to help meet customers’ desires. Hence marketing research methods are necessary for airline industry to continue to deliver optimal services to customers. Bibliography Alan Bryman, Emma Bell. (2007). Business research methods. Oxford University Press. Hague, P. N. (2002). Market research: a guide to planning, methodology evaluation. Kogan Page . Helle Neergaard, John P. Ulhà ¸i. (2007). Handbook of qualitative research method in entrepreneurship. Edward Elgar. Holloway, J.C. Plan R.V. (2004). Marketing for Tourism. Harlow: Financial times Prentice Hall. Kotler, P. (2005). Principles of Marketing. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong. (2010). Principles of Marketing. Pearson Education. Punch. 2005. Rothkopf, M. (2009). Innovation in Commoditized Service Industries: An Empirical Case Study. LIT Verlag Mà ¼nster. Baker, J.M. (2007) Marketing Strategy Management, 4th ed. Palgrave Macmillan Kotler, P. (2003), Marketing Management, 5th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education Kotler, P., Bowen, J. Makens, J. (2006) Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism, 4th ed. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall Masterson, R. and Pickton, D. (2004), Marketing An Introduction, Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Education Kent, R. (2007) Market Research Approaches Methods Applications in Europe. Lambin, J. (2000), Market-Driven Management Strategic operational Marketing, Basingstoke Hampshire: Palgrave

How Developmental Editing Can Help Your First Draft

How Developmental Editing Can Help Your First Draft Stuck on your first draft? Call a developmental editor... or a ghostwriter So, you’ve got an original idea for a book. Maybe it’s the memoir you’ve meant to write for years, or a stunning business book designed to shake up the status quo in Silicon Valley. Once you have this idea, how do you turn it into an actual manuscript?Writing a book is no simple task, which is why published authors often work with an editor to develop their ideas before they even type ‘Chapter One’ on the top of a blank page. But for you -   the independent author who doesn’t have a book deal, let alone a dedicated editor at a publishing house -   who can you turn to for help with your first draft?You’re spoiled for choice with the quality of publishing professionals you can find on the web (*cough* Reedsy *cough*), but who’s your first call? We spoke to editors and ghostwriters on our network who were happy to shed some light on the professional help available to authors at the start of their creative journey.If you’r e truly not sure how to approach your first draft, but you’re passionate about the seed of an idea for a fiction or nonfiction book, the person you may want to contact is a developmental editor.What is developmental editing?Sometimes, this is called â€Å"structural editing† or even â€Å"substantive editing.† No matter what terms you use to describe this type of work, know that it involves developing the big ideas in your book (hence the popular term, â€Å"developmental editing†). In the broadest sense, a developmental editor will not be correcting your misplaced commas. Instead, you’ll be collaborating with someone who specializes in the fine art of idea generation and concept clarification. A developmental editor specializes in the fine art of idea generation and concept clarification. With fiction, developmental work might involve high-level discussions on character arcs, themes, plotting, and pacing. By getting all these elements in place before a first draft, you could potentially save a lot of time and money in rewrites. Fiction editors will often work with authors at any point of the writing process, whether you have 50 pages written or nothing more than an idea. Developmental editing can also be useful if you’ve completed the first draft and don’t know how to move forward with revisions.Non-fiction developmental editingIf you’re looking at an autobiography, business manual, or any book in the realm of non-fiction, specialist developmental editors will take a goal-oriented approach to develop your plan or book proposal.â€Å"I've worked with authors at the initial idea stage to help them hone the scope of the book and audience," said Claire Ruston, a UK-based development professional. "I'll discuss with the author what they're aiming to a chieve with the book (is it to promote their business, for example) and who they're aiming at.†Unlike fiction, Claire suggests that early stage developmental editing in non-fiction will often involve a lot of structural work.â€Å"Sometimes I may work closely with an author to develop a full table of contents right down to Level 2 headings, giving them a detailed structure to write to. If an author is struggling to map out their book, early-stage developmental work can be incredibly valuable and save a lot of time further down the road.†Okay. Now that you’ve worked with a developmental editor to put all your pieces in place for your book (fiction or non-fiction), all that’s left is to write the damn thing.Still not sure you want to write your book? Keep reading.What if I want to work with a ghostwriter?Ghostwriters are a dime-a-dozen in the world of non-fiction, where authors often come from a non-writing background. The chances are good that you’ve read a ghostwritten book or two without knowing it.â€Å"So many authors find themselves in this position -   having the basis for a great book, but lacking the time to turn it into a fully rounded book,† said Jeremy Blachman, a New York-based author and ghostwriter. "The more business-oriented work I've done tends to start with at least some articles that the client has written (or helped write) that they want to expand into a book.† "So many authors have the basis for a great book, but lack the time to work on it" @jeremyblachman on ghostwriting You can approach a ghostwriter with little more than an idea, then work with him or her to shape the book. If you’ve already worked up a book proposal with a developmental editor, your ghost can use that document as a launch pad.While it’s certainly a ghostwriter’s job to create the content for your book, you will often be deeply involved in the creative process. Almost all collaborations start with a conversation that allows the ghost to determine the author’s â€Å"voice.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Talking to them, hearing how they express ideas, starting to get a sense of how they think,† said Blachman. â€Å"Reading what they've written. Asking what they like to read. Seeing their reactions to different versions of what I create. I've written a few different versions of an opening and asked a client: which one is closest to the tone of the book you're envisioning?†Should I get a ghostwriter for my novel?Bear in mind that the vast majority of ghostwrite rs work in non-fiction. Ghostwritten fiction does exist, but it’s incredibly rare. Writing fiction is supposed to be creatively fulfilling. Hiring a ghost to write your novel is like buying a sports car and then paying someone else to drive it for you: it happens, but it doesn’t make much sense.Do I have to credit my ghostwriter?As for the question of authorship, experienced ghostwriters will have made peace with their anonymity and are broadly comfortable with you taking full credit for the book.â€Å"Speaking from a non-fiction perspective, the book is grounded in the author's ideas and expertise,† said Claire Ruston. â€Å"They may have had help getting the words on the page, but it's wholly and unquestionably the author's book.†If you want to find out more about choosing the right ghostwriter, check out this great post from Reedsy’s Andrew Crofts  - perhaps the world's most successful ghost.Ghostwriting and Developmental Editing: Where the l ines blurAs we’ve discovered recently, many ghostwriters have experience as editors and will sometimes work with non-fiction authors to plan a book and even write a proposal. Authors who go down this route have the option to either write the first draft themselves or hire the same ghostwriter to complete the job.Many editors would warn against this approach, pointing out that editing and writing are different disciplines. While many ghostwriters will provide developmental assistance, not all will have a truly editorial mindset.Don’t give up. Assemble your A-Team.The point we want to stress is this: writing doesn’t have to be a solitary pursuit. Whether you work with an editor to develop your book or hand over the reins to a ghostwriter, there's nothing wrong with collaborating to bring your ideas to life. Publishing a successful book is a team sport, and half the game is knowing who you want on your side. So if you’re not sure how best to approach your fi rst book, ask for help.If you have any questions about your developmental editing and ghostwriting options, drop us a question in the comments below, and we’ll do our best to answer it.

150 Famous Writing Quotes to Inspire You Right Now

150 Famous Writing Quotes to Inspire You Right Now 150 Famous Writing Quotes to Help You During Every Stage of Writing When you're feeling stuck on your novel, an important thing to remember is that we've all been there in the past. That's right - even the J.K Rowling's and Ernest Hemingway's of this world. Which is why it's always a great idea to turn to your most famous peers (and their writing quotes) for inspiration.Without further ado, here are 170 writing quotes  to guide you through every stage of writing. (Yes! We've added more since we first published this post!) Discover 170 famous writing quotes inside to inspire your own writing! The number one piece of advice that most authors have for other authors is to read, read, read. Here’s why.1. â€Å"If you don't have time to read, you don't have the time (or the tools) to write. Simple as that.† - Stephen King2. â€Å"You should write because you love the shape of stories and sentences and the creation of different words on a page. Writing comes from reading, and reading is the finest teacher of how to write.† - Annie Proulx3. â€Å"Indeed, learning to write may be part of learning to read. For all I know, writing comes out of a superior devotion to reading.† - Eudora Welty4. â€Å"Read, read, read. Read everything  -  trash, classics, good and bad, and see how they do it. Just like a carpenter who works as an apprentice and studies the master. Read! You'll absorb it. Then write. If it's good, you'll find out. If it's not, throw it out of the window.† - William Faulkner5. â€Å"I kept always two books in my pocke t: one to read, one to write in.† - Robert Louis Stevenson6. â€Å"The Six Golden Rules of Writing: Read, read, read, and write, write, write.† - Ernest Gaines7. â€Å"The greatest part of a writer’s time is spent in reading, in order to write; a man will turn over half a library to make one book.† - Samuel Johnson8. â€Å"Read a thousand books, and your words will flow like a river.† ― Lisa See9. â€Å"One sure window into a person’s soul is his reading list.† - Mary B. W. Tabor As any writer knows, there are no actual â€Å"rules† in this craft. That said, these writing quotes reveal some famous principles in writing that won’t let you down.125. â€Å"Don’t tell me the moon is shining; show me the glint of light on broken glass.† ― Anton Chekhov126. â€Å"My own experience is that once a story has been written, one has to cross out the beginning and the end. It is there that we authors do most of our lying.† - Anton Chekhov127. â€Å"There are three rules for writing a novel. Unfortunately, no one knows what they are.† - Somerset Maugham128. â€Å"Any word you have to hunt for in a thesaurus is the wrong word. There are no exceptions to this rule.† - Stephen King129. â€Å"Substitute 'damn' every time you're inclined to write 'very;' your editor will delete it and the writing will be just as it should be.† - Mark Twain130. â€Å"Find your best time of the day for writing and write. Don†™t let anything else interfere. Afterwards it won’t matter to you that the kitchen is a mess.† - Esther Freud131. â€Å"Here is a lesson in creative writing. First rule: Do not use semicolons. is, you really need less†¦ My model for this is late Beethoven. He moves so strangely and quite suddenly sometimes from place to place in his music, in the late quartets. He knows where he’s going and he just doesn’t want to waste all that time getting there†¦ One is aware of this as one gets older. You can’t waste time.† - Ursula K. Le Guin140. â€Å"Part 1. I notice that you use plain, simple language, short words and brief sentences. That is the way to write English - it is the modern way and the best way. Stick to it; don’t let fluff and flowers and verbosity creep in.Part 2. When you catch an adjective, kill it. No, I don’t mean utterly, but kill most of them – then the rest will be valuable. They weaken when t hey are close together. They give strength when they are wide apart.Part 3. An adjective habit, or a wordy, diffuse, flowery habit, once fastened upon a person, is as hard to get rid of as any other vice.† - Mark Twain "I love deadlines. I like the whooshing sound they make as they fly by," and more writing quotes inside â€Å"You miss 100% of the shots that you never take - Wayne Gretsky,† as Michael Scott once said. In tribute to this sentiment, these writing quotes help show why it’s important not to let failure or rejection get you down.141. â€Å"You can’t let praise or criticism get to you. It’s a weakness to get caught up in either one.† - John Wooden142. â€Å"Rejection slips, or form letters, however tactfully phrased, are lacerations of the soul, if not quite inventions of the devil - but there is no way around them.† - Isaac Asimov143. â€Å"Was I bitter? Absolutely. Hurt? You bet your sweet ass I was hurt. Who doesn’t feel a part of their heart break at rejection. You ask yourself every question you can think of, what, why, how come, and then your sadness turns to anger. That’s my favorite part. It drives me, feeds me, and makes one hell of a story.† - Jennifer Salaiz144. â€Å"I love my rejection slips. They show me I t ry.† - Sylvia Plath145. â€Å"I would advise anyone who aspires to a writing career that before developing his talent, he would be wise to develop a thick hide.† - Harper Lee147. â€Å"I used to save all my rejection slips because I told myself, one day I’m going to autograph these and auction them. And then I lost the box.† - James Lee Burke148. â€Å"This manuscript of yours that has just come back from another editor is a precious package. Don’t consider it rejected. Consider that you’ve addressed it ‘to the editor who can appreciate my work’ and it has simply come back stamped ‘Not at this address’. Just keep looking for the right address.† - Barbara Kingsolver149. â€Å"To ward off a feeling of failure, she joked that she could wallpaper her bathroom with rejection slips, which she chose not to see as messages to stop, but rather as tickets to the game.† - Anita Shreve150. â€Å"Remember: whe n people tell you something’s wrong or doesn’t work for them, they are almost always right. When they tell you exactly what they think is wrong and how to fix it, they are almost always wrong.† - Neil Gaiman151. â€Å"The artist doesn’t have time to listen to the critics. The ones who want to be writers read the reviews, the ones who want to write don’t have the time to read reviews.† - William Faulkner152. â€Å"I think that you have to believe in your destiny; that you will succeed, you will meet a lot of rejection and it is not always a straight path, there will be detours - so enjoy the view.† - Michael York153. â€Å"I went for years not finishing anything. Because, of course, when you finish something you can be judged.† - Erica Jong154. â€Å"I tell writers to keep reading, reading, reading. Read widely and deeply. And I tell them not to give up even after getting rejection letters. And only write what you love.â₠¬  - Anita Diamant155. â€Å"I could write an entertaining novel about rejection slips, but I fear it would be overly long.† - Louise Brown156. â€Å"I had immediate success in the sense that I sold something right off the bat. I thought it was going to be a piece of cake and it really wasn’t. I have drawers full of - or I did have - drawers full of rejection slips.† - Fred Saberhagen157. â€Å"An absolutely necessary part of a writer’s equipment, almost as necessary as talent, is the ability to stand up under punishment, both the punishment the world hands out and the punishment he inflicts upon himself.† - Irwin Shaw158. â€Å"Failures are finger posts on the road to achievement.† - C. S. LewisWhy does writing matter? If there’s anyone who might know the answer, it’s the people who write - and continue to write, despite adverse circumstances. Here are a few pennies for their thoughts.159. â€Å"Every secret of a wri ter’s soul, every experience of his life, every quality of his mind, is written large in his works.† - Virginia Woolf160. â€Å"If the book is true, it will find an audience that is meant to read it.† - Wally Lamb161. â€Å"A word after a word after a word is power.† - Margaret Atwood162. â€Å"If you want to change the world, pick up your pen and write.† - Martin Luther163. â€Å"The purpose of a writer is to keep civilization from destroying itself.† - Albert Camus164. â€Å"Good fiction’s job is to comfort the disturbed and disturb the comfortable.† - David Foster Wallace165. â€Å"After nourishment, shelter and companionship, stories are the thing we need most in the world.† - Philip Pullman166. â€Å"All stories have to at least try to explain some small portion of the meaning of life.† - Gene Weingarten167. â€Å"If a nation loses its storytellers, it loses its childhood.† - Peter Handke168. à ¢â‚¬Å"The difference between fiction and reality? Fiction has to make sense.† - Tom Clancy169. â€Å"If I had to give young writers advice, I would say don’t listen to writers talking about writing or themselves.† - Lillian Hellman170. â€Å"Don’t take anyone’s writing advice too seriously.† - Lev GrossmanOf course, writing quotes by themselves won't write the book for you - you alone have that power. However, we hope that this post has helped inspire you in some way! If you're looking for more in-depth resources, you can check out these guides:How to Write a NovelHow to Develop a Strong ThemeHow to Build a Character ProfileHow to Become a Better Writer TodayHave a favorite quote that we missed? If you know of more cool quotes by writers, write them in the comments!

The high level of corruption in central and eastern Europe Essay

The high level of corruption in central and eastern Europe - Essay Example In relation, this essay will try to explain the high level of corruption in Central and Eastern Europe. The discussion will tackle the reasons of the social problem. It will also include the methods that to be adopted in dealing with corruption. Corruption is indeed a social and legal problem. It is a social problem since the society as a whole is the one primarily affected of its effects. In almost all sectors, traces of corruption are eminent. It is also a legal problem since it is punishable under the laws of the community. The nations of the world have created their own laws against corruption. Nevertheless, corruption is still a pressing problem. Only a few corrupt individuals are successfully convicted and punished. Thus, there is a need to devise strategies that would effectively curb the acts of the corruption especially in the developing world. In connection, the majority of the countries making up the Central and Eastern part of Europe are actually considered developing sta tes. Benjamin Olken describes corruption like a tax. It adds to the expenses of conducting businesses and providing public services. In countries where corruption is imminent, public services are often poor and inadequate. Corruption lessens the budget needed to effectively and efficiently serve the people in a community. On the side of the business sector, putting up and maintaining a business would be harder than ever due to corruption. As cited by Nathaniel Heller, corruption presents a great barrier to the development and progress of any nation.7 This statement is quite logical. Anyone can in fact understand the rationale behind such contention. In a country, if corruption is present, the budget for the delivery of basic services would be low, unproportioned, and insufficient. For instance, there would only be low budget for education and health. If this is the case, one could expect that teachers will have low salary and educational resources for students would be scarce. In another aspect, medical centers will not have enough supply of medicines and equipments to cure the minor diseases of the people. The ultimate problem about corruption is that it makes the rich people become richer while the poor becomes poorer. It is a fact that only rich persons can thrive in a system which is full of corruption. The poor citizens on the other hand bear the costs of corruption. There is a negative impact in this sense.8 Cor ruption per se destroys the very foundation of a society. It undermines the faith in government and unwinds a lot of links between citizens and governmental institutions.9 Stated otherwise, corruption is the reason why there are people who do not believe in the establishment of governments. They believe that a government does not bring them any good except poverty and injustices. This should not be the case. Corruption in CEE In Central and Eastern Europe, there have been numerous cases of official corruption ranging from top level positions to local levels and across governmental

The Presidency of James Polk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Presidency of James Polk - Essay Example But as these authors have revealed, such a conclusion may be questionable in the light of the events that surrounded the Presidency and Polk’s political career. By highlighting elements and aspects of the Polk Presidency that have not been as widely or as well known, these three authors have questioned whether Polk’s contribution to the United States was an entirely favorable one. Bergeron’s book has also detailed the American war in Mexico and President Polk’s role in American acquisition of territories in the southwest. This book is notable in that it highlights the covert role of the executive in manipulating the events that led to the declaration of hostilities between the United States and Mexico over disputed territories in Texas, New Mexico and California. Bergeron has discussed covert operations undertaken by President Polk, notably the annexation of new Texas territory. This operation was designed in such a manner as to incite a confrontation and thereby provide an excuse for the United States to annex the territory (Bergeron, 1987:67-70). As a part of this strategy, Commodore Robert Stockton was posted to the disputed Mexican border, in order to monitor the developments there. In May of 1845, Stockton recommended that the Texan authorities should gather their forces and challenge Mexican claims to the territory between the rivers Rio Grande and Nueces rivers. He proposed that local militia units should be called up under the command of General Sidney Sherman and armed with weapons to be covertly supplied to them by the United States Government but purportedly acquired from private sources. Stockton’s plan was supported by President Polk, but failed to go through because Anson Jones, who was the President of the Texan Republic, rejected it.

Should the USA continue its policy of encouraging less developed Essay

Should the USA continue its policy of encouraging less developed countries to adopt democracy and capitalism - Essay Example This is because democracy offers citizens greater political stability, enhanced quality of living, greater individual liberty as well as freedom from any governmental violence. By adopting capitalism, the citizens of less developed countries are able to benefit from the fact that capitalism tends to greatly promote competition and innovation. Capitalism can offer the citizens of less developed countries more choices as well as the very best opportunities that they can be able to use to improve their living standards. These factors are seen to the fostering of greater economic freedom. Another key benefit of promoting capitalism in the less developed countries is that not only does capitalism foster competition, it also benefits these countries as it spurs the companies within them to innovate and develop far better products that will cause for there to be more goods and services in the market a factor that helps in keeping the prices of commodities at low levels. Democratic political systems often tend to enjoy far greater prosperity over longer time periods as compared to other systems. As democracy spreads, more individuals in less developed countries are likely to start enjoying greater economic benefits. While authoritarian regimes are able to compile impressive short-run economic records, they are rarely able to sustain these rates of growth for long time

Software Defined Networks (SDN) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Software Defined Networks (SDN) - Essay Example According to capability and application definition SDN seeks to provide a standard based application development platform and commoditize network hardware. This includes taking most of the functionality and features that exist in custom proprietary software then directing it in to an open SDN space. An in-depth on how SDN is implemented is that the system is incorporated in underutilized servers that information technology organizations already operate and own. In summary, the firmware of routers and network switches that has for a long time remained under the control of the companies that manufacture this equipment is been changed by making this remotely modifiable and remotely accessible through third party software clients, making use of open flow an example an open protocol. SDN allows for external access to the innards of routers and switches that were formally proprietary and closed and also for quick optimization and experimenting of routing or switching policies. The switchin g fabric of conventional Layer 2/3 networks serves as a routing and switching fabric for the blade center server chassis. These switches have the capability of layer 2 switching and layer three routing providing security and flexible traffic management in the chassis. The layer 2/3 fiber GbE and Copper switching modules provides full layer 2 switching making capabilities available such as link aggregation control, Cisco Ether channel, advanced spanning tree protocols and 802.1Q VLANs, Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP), performance features and application delivery such as granular QOS, multicasting and snooping (‘Nortel Networks Layer 2/3 Gbe Switch Module’ 2004). The open flow technology showcases network programmability through the remote control application. This is all about remotely and directly programming a network switch to handle traffic dynamically in a particular way making use of the CLI type of commands. An example, to achieve the forward flow to a particular switch port, ensure other flows are blocked, while the switch is programmed to make such actions alternate in a predefined manner i.e. time interval of say 40 seconds. Use this demonstration using a number of servers that are to listen to the same multicast address while the switch is being programmed to allow a single server to give air play to a single client in the case of video servers. This application is applicable in the context of software defined networking as it empowers the operator, user and administrator to have an own definition of treating traffic. This, in a way, resembles the activities and operations of a TV remote control where one is able to switch through channels only that in this case it is automatic. This is transparent to the end host in that clients and video servers are unaware of the switch managing or controlling the traffic (Anderson, c, et al, 2009 Remote Control SDN). A command line interface (CLI) is a dialog or an interface where two prog rams or the user and the program pass a command line in SDN it is an essential key aspect. Such command lines used in software defined networks are some of the windows shell and OS/2 presentation manager these graphical interfaces helps programs and users communicate with their execution strategies such as opening programs and documents. The registry or the graphical shell is where these commands are stored. In SDN standard input/output interface (stdin $ stdout) can be

American Independence Forced Founders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Independence Forced Founders - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that  there is a relationship between business and politics. In order to survive businesswise, there is a tendency by the involved party to play politics in order to have a bigger share of the market. For instance, when Jefferson applied for western grants, the Cherokee Indians played some politics by negotiating a treaty with the British government in order to retain every acre that Jefferson claimed.This paper discusses that  the Hard Labor treaty that aimed at despairing Virginia land owners was politically counteracted by some powerful planters such as Patrick Henry who bought 3,334 acres of land on the Holston and Clinch Rivers from his father-in-law. Although the move was seen as an entrepreneurial one, Henry’s intention was to distort the cutoff of the land with intentions of shifting the boundaries beyond his land.  Ã‚  Slightly after independence, there were disputes between squatters and influential persons such as Washington, w ho blamed the squatters for invading the land in the forbidden one.  In this regard, it is apparent that Virginia’s chose independence not primarily because of economic gains but rather because of political gains. This is why such influential persons did not allow squatters to own land.  Their intentions were to have vast lands that would allow them control the landless. If the intention of independence was for economic gains, then the land ought to have been distributed equally to everyone in order for everyone to benefit equally.... If the intention of independence was for economic gains, then the land ought to have been distributed equally to everyone in order for everyone to benefit equally. Eventually, the farmers who settled in most parts of the land were evicted by someone who secured title after the repeal of the proclamation of 1763. In fact, farmers were firmly opposed to the 1963 proclamation, since it prevented them from securing clear title (Holton, 1999). In light of this, it is clear that politics played a key role in such ordeals. This is arguably true because after independence, it took long before repealing the 1793 proclamation that prevented farmers in securing titles. The repeal caught the farmers unaware where only a few wealthy persons secured titles thus leaving many farmers landless. This is the game of politics as influential persons apply double standards such as retaining the 1763 proclamation to bar people from obtaining titles only to repeal it when a few people have already acquired titles. In one occasion, when John Murray became the governor, he began rewarding veterans with land. Basically, issuing of bounty patents is a clear indication that the choosing of Virginia’s independence was not primarily for economic purposes. Issuing of grants to veterans would have influential support for politicians. Although the veterans would utilize the land in an economic way, the motive behind issuing of the land in politically instigated. In fact, issuing land to veterans would act as a gift and is taken as an asset instead of a means of production. Therefore, very little farming would take place. In another dimension, many influential persons in Virginia pushed for Virginia’s independence to evade paying mounting depts. According

Monopolistic Competition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Monopolistic Competition - Essay Example Figure 1 is illustrative for differentiating market structure and the chapters refer to the chapters in Mankiw (2007). Figure 1. Gregory Mankiw on four types of market structure Source: Mankiw (2007, p. 341) Mankiw (2007, p. 341) elaborated that there is no â€Å"magic number† that would allow us to determine what is â€Å"few† or â€Å"many† firms as reality is never as precise as theory. Samuelson and Nordhaus (2001, p. 168) had viewed monopolistic competition as â€Å"imperfect competition†. Further, they described the type of competition to be â€Å"very common† (Samuelson and Nordhaus 2001, p. 187). Earlier, Hunt (2000, p. 41) reported that the theory of monopolistic competition was developed by Edward Chamberlin in 1933 in which the latter complained that his theory was wrongly lumped with Joan Robinson’s theory of imperfect competition. In particular, Hunt (2000, p. ... In contrast, through product differentiation, a firm in a monopolistic competition has a portion of the market in which he has a monopoly. For instance, the pants industry has Levis and Wrangler, for example, and each brand has a set of customers loyal to the brand. For their respective loyal customers, each firm is a monopoly facing a specific demand curve. Varian (2005, p. 461) pointed out in a monopolistic competition, â€Å"each firm faces a downward-sloping demand curve for its product.† This is illustrated in Figure 2. Figure 2. Monopolistic Competition in the Short Run Source: Mankiw 2007, p. 369 A diagram similar to Figure 2 of the earlier page is in Depken (2006, p. 199) as well as in Taylor (2007, p. 293). In Figure 2 of the earlier page, it is clear that a monopolistic competitive firm maximizes profit where its marginal revenue equals marginal cost (Mankiw 2007, p. 369). However, as shown in Figure 2, this can lead to a loss or profit, depending on the costs curves confronting the firm (Mankiw 2007, p. 369). The left panel of Figure 2 in the immediately preceding page indicates a profit for the monopolistic competitive firm while the one on the right panel of Figure 2 indicates a loss. Meanwhile, it must be pointed out that a much earlier book, Eckert and Leftwich (1988, p. 212) had described a much more elastic demand curve for a monopolistic competition or a demand curve that is close to a horizontal straight line to reflect that demand can either significantly drop or increase with prices changes in a monopolistic competition. In other words, this means that the demand curve facing the competitively monopolistic firm in the short run is highly elastic. Subject to

American Independence Forced Founders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Independence Forced Founders - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that  there is a relationship between business and politics. In order to survive businesswise, there is a tendency by the involved party to play politics in order to have a bigger share of the market. For instance, when Jefferson applied for western grants, the Cherokee Indians played some politics by negotiating a treaty with the British government in order to retain every acre that Jefferson claimed.This paper discusses that  the Hard Labor treaty that aimed at despairing Virginia land owners was politically counteracted by some powerful planters such as Patrick Henry who bought 3,334 acres of land on the Holston and Clinch Rivers from his father-in-law. Although the move was seen as an entrepreneurial one, Henry’s intention was to distort the cutoff of the land with intentions of shifting the boundaries beyond his land.  Ã‚  Slightly after independence, there were disputes between squatters and influential persons such as Washington, w ho blamed the squatters for invading the land in the forbidden one.  In this regard, it is apparent that Virginia’s chose independence not primarily because of economic gains but rather because of political gains. This is why such influential persons did not allow squatters to own land.  Their intentions were to have vast lands that would allow them control the landless. If the intention of independence was for economic gains, then the land ought to have been distributed equally to everyone in order for everyone to benefit equally.... If the intention of independence was for economic gains, then the land ought to have been distributed equally to everyone in order for everyone to benefit equally. Eventually, the farmers who settled in most parts of the land were evicted by someone who secured title after the repeal of the proclamation of 1763. In fact, farmers were firmly opposed to the 1963 proclamation, since it prevented them from securing clear title (Holton, 1999). In light of this, it is clear that politics played a key role in such ordeals. This is arguably true because after independence, it took long before repealing the 1793 proclamation that prevented farmers in securing titles. The repeal caught the farmers unaware where only a few wealthy persons secured titles thus leaving many farmers landless. This is the game of politics as influential persons apply double standards such as retaining the 1763 proclamation to bar people from obtaining titles only to repeal it when a few people have already acquired titles. In one occasion, when John Murray became the governor, he began rewarding veterans with land. Basically, issuing of bounty patents is a clear indication that the choosing of Virginia’s independence was not primarily for economic purposes. Issuing of grants to veterans would have influential support for politicians. Although the veterans would utilize the land in an economic way, the motive behind issuing of the land in politically instigated. In fact, issuing land to veterans would act as a gift and is taken as an asset instead of a means of production. Therefore, very little farming would take place. In another dimension, many influential persons in Virginia pushed for Virginia’s independence to evade paying mounting depts. According

Beyonce target market report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Beyonce target market report - Essay Example Doing this led to a different way to turn imperfect competition into one that was based around moving outside of the competition. The more that different individuals could become a target the more likely they would be able to respond to the products and services in a positive manner (Wedel, 2000). The concept of market segmentation is used for several reasons within the market. The foundation of this is to create a strategy within a corporation and outside of a business for the right responses. When a business has an undifferentiated market, which doesn’t focus on the characteristics of demographics and individuals, then it may not be able to reach them as well. When a market is segmented, it is able to create a different approach which targets individuals that are in need of a product or service. More importantly, the segment is able to move outside of other competitors who have similar products or services. As this is done, there is the ability to create a different approach to the business and to the needs of specific individuals (Dickson, Ginter, 1987). The concept of multidimensional segmentation can be combined with the main aims that are used within different companies. When looking at different levels of purchase behavior and the way that potential customers respond to a specific concept, there is the ability to create different products or services that relate to the individuals needs. Doing this is able to create a specific understanding of what is occurring in the market as well as what the behaviors are of those that are a part of the market (Blattberg, Sen, 1974). The target market that will be used is in relation to the singer, Beyonce. Beyonce is a renowned R&B artist from the US and has won several Grammys through her music, acting and modeling. Beyonce began her career through the R&B band, Destiny’s Child, which gained prestige throughout America. She then broke into a solo artist that was able to create a

Teachers Diary Experience In Task Based Education English Language Essay

Teachers Diary Experience In Task Based Education English Language Essay Many areas of education are undergoing changes in the way teaching and learning is perceived. Teacher-centered lecturing and structural-syllabus instruction are giving way to a more student-centered, hands-on, practical, and flexible approaches (Shank and Cleary, 1994). The field of English language teaching is no exception in this paradigm shift. One of the areas, which came under this paradigm shift, is the traditional Present-Practice-Produce method of teaching English. It has been replaced by Communicative Language Teaching. An offshoot of Communicative Language Teaching is Task-Based Teaching. The teacher has been identified to be a learning facilitator. He does this largely through the medium of communication, verbal and non-verbal. The quality and effectiveness of such communication have a lot to do with the amount and quality of learning that takes place. This paper talks about a teachers experience in a mixed/heterogeneous classroom situation. Introduction The classroom, a small social structure, but sometimes large, is a working group of students coming from different socioeconomic background, tribes and cultural affinities, mixing with some friends, some strangers and the indifferent. These differences become complex in pluralistic societies including India. Their common task is learning a given content. It is the teacher who is the enabling agent for these socialization and learning. The teacher is the expert (at most in his field), the leader, the more mature mind and wiser. This is the idea of traditional pedagogy. During instruction in the classroom, it is the intent of the teacher to impact information and knowledge to the students and on many occasions such information and knowledge are designed to change the behavior of the learners. However, before a teacher can change the behavior of his students, he must not only possess adequate knowledge of the subject matter, he must be able to communicate his massage effectively. The teacher must have the ability to persuade his students to accept his ideas and arguments and not to leave them wondering at the end of the lesson whether to accept or reject them. The teacher should be able to use the classroom as a social system that breads atmosphere for meaningful social interactions and conducive learning environment. This brings us to the question, What is Communication? There dare many definitions of communication, as there are experts in the field. Oxford English Dictionary defines communication as the imparting, conveying or exchange of ideas, knowledge etc. (whether by speech, writing or signs). It has also been defined as the process of attempting to share with another person or other persons, ones knowledge, interests, attitudes, opinions and ideas (Ralph, Hance, and Wiksell 1975:4). Farrant (1980) also defined communication as the process of passing an understandable message from one person to another (P. 186). Every language teacher today realizes the importance and the relevance of the student-centered, hands-on, practical and flexible approach (Shank and Cleary, 1994), and the worldwide demand for Communicative Language Teaching, which helps to understand the language in context and to use it effectively in situations outside the classroom. As a result, changes have been taking place in many areas of education. The field of second/foreign language teaching is no exception in this paradigm shift. But for ELT, it has become a challenge to accommodate the changes due to various reasons. The most important factor is that one cannot ignore the practical aspect of every existing education system. This paper deals with students from mixed backgrounds who come under one roof to learn English. This paper deals with teaching methodology undertaken in CELT, O.U, Hyderabad, India, to see how a short term program can benefit students improve their communication skills. As they are mixed background students it became necessary to see how the merits of different language learning frameworks like Communicative Language Learning and Task-Based Learning can be put together to achieve the best result. As Joanne Pettis, quoting Henry Widdowson comments, If you say you are eclectic but cannot state the principles of your eclecticism, you are not eclectic, merely confused. (Pettis, 2003). Roger Dunne from Universidad Veracruzana, Mexico rightly states, In any event, most language teachers are probably influenced more by course books than by manuals and training courses and most popular course books are decidedly eclectic in their approach. It is probably these pragmatic market forces that will determine the future direction of language teaching in many parts of the world rather than a fight to death between academic fundamentalists (Dunne, 2003). This paper was set within the dual framework of Communicative Language Teaching and Task-Based Learning. Theories of language use in context play important roles in Communicative Language Teaching and theories of language learning play important roles in Task-Based Learning. Hence, the merits of both were used. Howatt (1984) distinguishes between the weak and the strong versions of Communicative Language Teaching. The weak version stresses the importance of providing learners with opportunities to use English for communicative purposes and therefore attempts to integrate communicative activities into the programme of language teaching. This is the version followed in most learning contexts, especially in Asian countries. As different from this, the stronger version of communicative language teaching claims that language can be acquired only through communication. This would mean that teaching involves not just activating an existing knowledge of the language, but stimulating the development of the language system itself (Howatt, p. 279). However, whether it is the weak or the strong version, the proponents of Communicative Language Teaching have always viewed learning a second/foreign language as acquiring the linguistic means to perform different functions. Some principles of Communicative Language Teaching include: 1. Language should be a means to an end and the focus should be on meaning, not on the form. 2. The learner has to formulate and produce ideas, information, opinions and so on. 3. Teacher intervention to correct mistakes should be minimal as this distracts from communication. (Richards and Rodgers, 1994) As David Nunan (1989) says, Task based teaching and learning is teaching and learning a language by using language to accomplish open ended tasks. Learners are given a problem or objective to accomplish but are left with some freedom in approaching this problem or objective. A task is defined by David Nunan as, an activity (or technique) where students are urged to accomplish something or solve some problem using their language. Preferably, this activity is open-ended; there is no set way to accomplish their goal (1989). According to Jane Willis, a task is a goal-oriented activity with a clear purpose. Doing a communication task involves achieving an outcome, creating a final product that can be appreciated by others. Tasks can be used as the central component of a three-part framework: pre-task, task cycle, and language focus. These components have been carefully designed to create four optimum conditions for language acquisition, and thus provide rich learning opportunities to suit different types of learners (Willis, 1996). Learners get exposure at the pre-task stage, and an opportunity to recall things they know. The task cycle gives them speaking and writing exposure with opportunities for students to learn from each other. The task cycle also gives students opportunities to use whatever language they have, both in private (where mistakes, hesitations, and approximate renderings do not matter so long as the meaning is clear) and in public (where there is a built-in desire to strive for accuracy of form and meaning, so as not to lose face). Motivation (short term) is provided mainly by the need to achieve the objectives of the task and to report back on it. Success in doing this can increase longer term motivation. Motivation to listen to fluent speakers doing the task is strong too, because in attempting the task, learners will notice gaps in their own language, and will listen carefully to hear how fluent speakers express themselves. A focus on form is beneficial in two phases in the framework. The planning stage between the private task and the public report promotes close attention to language form. As learners strive for accuracy, they try to organize their reports clearly and check words and patterns they are not sure of. In the final component, language analysis activities also provide a focus on form through consciousness-raising processes. Learners notice and reflect on language features, recycle the task language, go back over the text or recording and investigate new items, and practice pronouncing useful phrases. Components of a Task Tasks contain some form of input that may be verbal (a dialogue/role play/reading) or, nonverbal (pictures/a gesture) followed by an activity, which is in some way derived from the input. This activity sets out what learners need to do in relation to the input. Tasks have also goals and roles for both teachers and learners. Components of a Task (Nunan: 1989) From the above diagram, a task can be viewed as a piece of meaning focused work, involving learners in comprehending, producing and/or interacting in the target language. Before taking up the task of converting the textual content into various tasks, the following points were noted and kept in mind by the investigators: -The objective of the task must be stated very clearly -The task must be appropriate for the level of the learners -The task must equip the learners with the ability to apply classroom learning in new situations. -Tasks must be interesting and motivating to the students -The form the input takes, must be clear to the teacher -The roles of teachers and students must be specified clearly -Through the task, learners must be encouraged to negotiate meaning -The language that will be generated by the task must be predicted -There should be variety and flexibility in the tasks Few strategies for classroom practice to improve verbal, non-verbal and interpersonal communication Materials needed: Paper and pencil for each participant. I am going to describe a drawing I have made of a bug. Without seeing the drawing, you are to draw the bug that I describe. You may not ask questions or talk to each other. Describe the bug. The bug is round. The bug has eight legs, grouped in pairs with four legs on the left and four legs on the right. In the pairs, one leg is longer than the other. The bug has two eyes on top of the body. The bug has two squiggly antenna. The bug has two pea-pod shaped wings. The bug has a spot next to each wing. The bug has a triangular stinger on the bottom of the body The bug has two feelers on each foot one longer than the other, both coming from the same side of the leg. The bug has a round mouth, placed between the two eyes. The bug laid five square eggs to the left of the stinger. After everyone is finished. Hold up your bug so others in your group can see. Note some of the similarities and differences. Show the drawing to the entire group. Discussion questions: -Why dont all the bugs look like mine? (Interpretation: everyone has a different interpretation, based on his or her experiences.) -What did you think of first when you were told to draw a bug? What did you see in your mind? -What could we have done differently so that your drawings and mine would have looked more alike? -What would have been the advantages of allowing questions to be asked? -How many of you wanted questions to be asked? Adapted from A Kaleidoscope of Leadership, Minnesota Extension Service Words Alone Purpose: To demonstrate how important words are when the person talking and the listener cannot see each other. Materials Needed: Small pieces of paper with one of the following words on each: Procedure: Ask one person from the group to take a paper with one of the words on it and give a verbal description of what is on the paper (no hands allowed). Tell them to concentrate on the careful choice of words, avoiding non-verbal signals. Use descriptive words relating to all five senses (smell, touch, etc). Example: ice cream cold, smooth, soft, fluffy- looking, sweet, flavors. Process Questions: 1. How efficient were words alone in expressing ideas? 2. How did you feel doing this activity? (talker and listener) 3. What does this remind us to do in our own communication? Reference: Internet Conclusion Students showed interest in learning English. The reasons they gave were, classes are full of activities and play. Noted that students started talking in English openly without any apprehensions. They were highly motivated by the tasks and were encouraged to participate in doing the tasks. Though it is time consuming it is quite a rewarding experience as they gain useful insights by working through activities. They improve in their language as well as personality traits like team building, interpersonal relations, adaptability etc. Even with the existing constraints, classroom teaching can be given a communicative orientation, giving enough opportunities to students to use the language creatively. Teaching can be made learner-centered; with more emphasis on the learning process any given text may be re-created into various tasks and activities. Task-based teaching enhances the language proficiency of learners.